Vertical electrical soundings (VES) method using the Schlumberger array was used in the study area. 20 VES were probed and the data interpretation was carried out with aid of computer softwares IPI2Win and surfer 8. The results revealed three subsurface geoelectric layers (top soil, weathered layer and fresh layer) at VES 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9and 10, and the rest VES stations have four subsurface geoelectric layers (top soil, lateritic clay, weathered layer and fracture/fresh layer). The top layer resistivity values range from 112-829 ohm-m, and thicknesses from 0.5-8.85m. VES 1, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 with four layers, the second layer constitute the Lateritic clay and its resistivity values range from 34.9-406Ωm, and thicknesses from1.37-5.78m respectively. The second layer of VES 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, and the third layer of VES 1, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 which constitute the Weathered zone has resistivity values that range from 8.99-339Ωm and thicknesses between 3.01-41.6m. The fourth layer of VES 11, 12, 17, 18 and 19 constitute the Fractured basement with resistivity values that range from 182-547Ωm. The third layer of VES 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, and the fourth layer of VES 1, 2, 3, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 20 constitute the Fresh basement with resistivity values that range from 2090-19465Ωm. It was also observed that the Total Dissolved Salt values range from 12.797-778.643mg/l. VES has shown that it's very reliable for the determination of lithology and groundwater quality in the study area.

This study was carried out with the aim of demonstrating the application of vertical electrical sounding (VES) method of investigation in the exploration for groundwater in University of Abuja, Permanent Site and Environs. A total of 12 VES points were probed in the area with AB/2 of 1 – 250m and covering a total area of 6.75km2. ABEM SAS 300c tarrameter was used to generate the data using schlumberger array method. The data was interpreted using computer iteration methods (IPI2Win). Isoresistivity of topsoil, isoresistivity of weathered layer, isoresistivity of basement, weathered layer thickness and a 3-D of weathered layer thickness were also generated using surfer software. The result reveals five curve types (A, H, HA, HK and QH) and it shows variation in the layers available in the study area, some with four geo – electric layers: top soil, lateritic clay, weathered basement and fractured/fresh basement while some with three geo-electric layer: topsoil, weathered and fractured/fresh basements. It also shows variation in the groundwater potentiality of the study area i.e. good (VES 1, 5, 7, 9), moderate (VES 2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12) and low (VES 3, 10). The good potential area is suggested for drilling of boreholes.

In this study, the analysis of soil samples was carried out to determine the concentrations, distribution and the pattern of Radiogenic Heat Production of some heavy elements in soil samples inside a steel rolling mill in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria within latitudes 6033'N and 6046'N; and longitudes 4044'E and 4054'E. The distribution of K, U, and Th was particularly investigated in this site. Soil samples were collected from thirty (30) points along three traverses at a space interval of 20cm covering a survey area of 80cm by 60cm within the Rolling mill. The analysis of the soil samples using a cylindrical NaI(Tl) detector reveals that the contents of the radioactive elements in the soil fall below the WHO's critical values of contaminated soil. Field observations and soil properties show that the soils were derived from weathering of pre-existing sedimentary bedrocks which constitute the geology of the area. The results also show that the contribution and rate of heat production of 40K, 238U and 232Th in the samples vary significantly with geological locations, with 40K as the major element which predominates in heat production for the Upper profile of the study area, while 238U and 232Th are trace elements. The radiogenic heat production elements (RHPE) contribution shows that all the points on the sites have the same pattern of radiogenic heat production contribution of the elements to the radiogenic heat production (RHP).