The present study aimed to establish a database that would allow the calibration of mechanisation tools for cashew nut collection in Côte d’Ivoire. It was conducted in three production areas: Toumodi (centre), Korhogo (north) and Bouna (east). In each of these localities, a representative plot of cashew orchards was selected, with 30 trees chosen for the biophysical fruit data survey. The results showed that the fruits are morphologically different from one locality to another for both nuts and apples. In Toumodi, the physical characteristics of the nuts and apples were more important than in the other two localities. In Korhogo, the fruits were distinguished by small nuts and in Bouna, the cashew produced had characteristics that are globally intermediate between those of the first two localities. Furthermore, the firmness of the apples dropped by half in three days at each of the study sites, indicating their vulnerability to external factors. However, Korhogo apples remained the firmest.

In Côte d’Ivoire, protein feed in poultry farming is expensive. This study was conducted to develop new sources of vegetable protein (cashew cake) in the diet of pullets in the growth phase. For this, 216 ISA Brown pullets aged seven (7) weeks were selected and randomly distributed in four (4) compartments. These constituted batches were subjected to feed T0 (control, 0% cashew cake), T1 (100% cashew cake as the main source of vegetable protein), T2 (50% cashew cake) and T3 (95% cashew cake). Cashew cake-based feeds improved the zootechnical parameters but not significantly. In all batches, an increase in weight gain was observed ranging from 469.2g to 1325g. ADG varied from 8.51 ± 8.13 g/d (T1) to 12.90 ± 6.03 g/d (T0) while food intake (AI) varied from 2514.20 ± 388, 50g (T3) to 2969.87 ± 478.54g (T0). Also, the consumption index (CI) varied from 3.23 ± 0.60 (T3) to 3.43 ± 0.48 (T1). The incorporation of cashew cake in feed for growing pullets would be an alternative solution to reduce the cost of feed for laying hens in Côte d’Ivoire.

This article encompasses a technical and mathematical description of the six-pulse drives used in industry and the verification of the percentage of current harmonics produced by each of them. An analysis of the total harmonic content produced by the six-pulse drives commonly used at Bralima RD Congo will be carried out, for this purpose the harmonic spectra given by the drive manufacturer are simulated in ETAP software to subsequently run a harmonics stream and assess compliance with technical service quality indices. In the event of non-compliance, the harmonic mitigation techniques will be plated and verified. The result includes analyzes and simulations based on real Bralima data and a technical guide for mitigating the harmonic currents produced by six-pulse drives is presented.

Today the power quality of industrial systems is a growing concern for electrical and electronics engineers. The main reason for deteriorating power quality is the high level of harmonics. Harmonics in industry are produced from many sources, primarily variable speed drives and rectified loads. The injection by non-linear loads of harmonic currents contributes significantly to the degradation of the power factor resulting in an increase in reactive power and apparent power. In this study, the analysis of harmonics will be presented in the brewing industry case of Bralima DR Congo using a PEL 103 meter. The measured THD values for voltage and current will be used to analyze their impact on the power factor. Some solutions are proposed for the reduction of harmonics and the correction of the power factor (PFC) at the same time in order to reduce the reactive and apparent powers and also to reduce the energy consumption impacting on the expenses due to the billing of electrical energy.

Introduction: In line of the powerful concept of Universal health coverage (UHC) inspired to the Primary Health Care Renewal in 2008 and the Astana Declaration on Primary Health Care and the Sustainable Development Goals, this study analyzes the challenges of universal health coverage (UHC) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Methods: The study used a reflective and interpretive synthesis of the literature. The search was conducted using keywords related to universal health coverage, health policies, systems and services and the DRC. Results: The study highlights a strong desire for progress in the DRC towards UHC that contrasts with the legal and organizational framework, governance practices, organization of health services and care delivery. Effects of this limited congruence are illustrated by the low level of integration and performance of health services, and the high level of catastrophic health expenditure and exclusion of the population in access to health care. Discussion and conclusion: In a context where nearly 75% of the population lives on less than USD 1.9 per day and the informal sector, the hybrid legal framework is an obstacle to the real progress towards UHC in the DRC. Changing the legal framework, by integrating a generalized mandatory system, and then structuring a greater raising of funds, including innovative financing, as well as establishing a more coherent and adaptive governance in favor of UHC, are priority avenues to explore to resolutely commit to the path of UHC in the DRC.

This study is part of the project of floodplains delimitation of Medjerda based on remote sensing, specifically the section between Ghardimaou and the dam of Sidi Salem. The watershed studied is located northwest of Tunisia, characterized by an elongated shape. Indeed, morphologically, it is bordered on his sides by high reliefs that prevent the flow of many rivers that converge therefore in the basin. The soil texture is mainly characterized by a dominance of complex units of soil and not much evolved alluvial contribution soil. Following the flood phenomenon hitting multiple cities around Medjerda during the last century, in this context, our study aims to map and delineate inundated areas by remote sensing method based on Landsat satellite images and supervised classification by ENVI. Remote sensing, GIS and ENVI were enlisted to mapping areas at risk of flooding in the study site. Thus that around 50% of the total area of ​​the zone was touched by the flood of 2003, and around 40% of the total area was affected by the flood of 2010.

This study compared effective non-conventional and accredited private secondary schools in the city of Kisangani from 2012 to 2017, with the objective is identifying the characteristics of effective secondary schools and their determinants. To achieve this, we composed a survey questionnaire that was submitted to the head teachers of non-conventional and accredited public schools. The data collected from the latter were analysed and processed using a statistical software package (S.P.S.S). The overall results of the processing showed that the majority of teachers are hired either by test (most often in private schools) or by assignment (often in non-agreement schools); all the teachers working in these schools are qualified, as all of them are either graduates or licensees; while the head teachers of public schools believe that their teachers are satisfied with their salary, this is not the case for those of non-agreement schools who believe the opposite; All schools held pedagogical meetings with their teachers, but also with the parents’ committee; in most cases, the graduating students of the surveyed schools come from the same school, in the lower grades, are regular and disciplined; some schools operate in a conducive environment, while others operate in a non-conducive environment and within almost every school, there are pedagogical units, and the head teachers consider the efficiency of their schools to be satisfactory.

Our present study was conducted precisely to determine the effects of long-term incineration on banana and plantain cultivation under the conditions of Masako in particular and the Kisangani region in general whose cultivars Litete, Libanga, Gros Michel and Yangambi Km5 were used as propagating material. Observation included the inventory in the system, average plant height, average diameter, number of functional leaves, number of rejets, rate of infection of cercosporiasis and fusarium wilt, and infestation rate of infection of cercosporiasis and fusarium wilt, and infestation rate of weevils and nematodes. The results of these various parameters showed in particular that the inincinerated block gave a superior result compared to the incinerated block. It is important to remember that comparing the averages of plants in the same block shows significant differences at the 5 % threshold between cultivars.

Given the state of insalubrity faced by the inhabitants of cities, communities and villages in so-called developing countries, particularly in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo), a study on the production of waste and its composition with a view to its probable reprocessing would be significant. In the city of Likasi, DR Congo, this study looked at the case of existing management. Although this management leaves something to be desired, it does allow the bulk of the waste produced to be removed. In practice, the aim was to see what is being done to remove or eliminate the waste produced by the population of Likasi through its various activities. Afterwards, a sample of the waste had to be taken in order to study its composition with the means available. The results obtained show great potential in the waste, with significant contents of recyclable materials such as paper, plastic and some metals such as aluminium and copper. When reprocessed, this waste turns out to be an invaluable source of wealth.

This research analyzes the fun nightlife mainly around drink and sex in Lufthansa, Ascko terrain and Shell 1 and their socio-economic and environmental implications in the city of Kara in North Togo. From analytical observation of the field, the survey questionnaire, interviews and documentary research, we obtained scientific results linking space, leisure, sexuality and socio-economic development. The results show that Lufthansa, Ascko Terrain and Shell 1 are public leisure spaces, the busiest places in Kara every night throughout the year around the pleasure of drinking, playing, chatting, eating, to enjoy sex, to live and for good reason. For men, it’s drowning marital worries, showing social success, or just getting on with life. When it comes to women, it’s about surviving, building up businesses or it’s a job just like any other. This entails, therefore, not only some economic advantages, namely the purchase of learning materials, installation of shops, workshops, bars or restaurants, financing of studies, construction of houses but also heavy social consequences. in particular exposure to sexually transmitted infections, social and family stigma and discrimination, particular pollution, theft, particular violence, assault, etc. The sustainability of the phenomenon is essentially ensured by the availability of «free women» and insatiable men. The phenomenon is now spreading to other public places in the city and even beyond.

This article presents a perspective according to which, how New Information and Communication Technologies (NITC) can participate in the development of the rural community of Katanda on the economic, agricultural, medical and educational levels. Given that New information and communication technologies have a great influence on said development, this research exhibits in a simple way the means and procedures for supervising the population of the city of Katanda on the responsible use of new information and communication technologies in the purpose of making this development effective.

The courthouses are, in our states, the places of legal reading - a culture constantly policed and hardened by jurisprudence and praetorian practices; themselves difficult to abandon notwithstanding the pressure and scope of new laws didn’t stop swelling. Indeed, legal practitioners are still unable to agree on the foundations, perception, conceptualization and implementation procedure of this important judicial institution. Certainly, the fog that hung over the identification of the « article 49 judge » in the Congolese judicial system is now lifted. However, this is not the case for appeals against decisions of the presidential court which, in principle, are provisionally enforceable and sometimes, on the spot. In addition, differences of opinion subsist as to the form of the act carrying the defense to be executed. So many problematic questions around which this reflection is articulated; but in a fairly limited format given the presentation requirements of a scientific article.

Access to drinking water remains a major concern in the Democratic Republic of Congo, particularly in the city-province of Kinshasa where the populations are confronted with the optimal management of water points, the insufficiency of hygiene and sanitation, the low drinking water supply rates and the lack of appropriate water disinfection methods at the family level. Therefore, the integration of biological processes for the treatment of river water could be a sustainable alternative in improving the quality of drinking water, due to the availability and non-toxicity of the substances used. This study aims to test the effectiveness of M. oleifera seed powder in purifying the waters of the Kalamu River. The methodology adopted consisted in the treatment of water samples from the mentioned river by coagulation-flocculation with M. oleifera seed powder coupled with filtration on fine sand associated with charcoal. The procedure began with the preparation of the colloid solutions. To do this, each of the three different doses (0.5 g/l, 1g/l and 1.5 g/l) of M. oleifera seed powder was mixed with 100 ml of water from said river. Then, each solution of the colloids was added to 900 ml of water sample to be treated. After mixing and a rest period, the treated water samples were filtered. To assess the effectiveness of this process, the physicochemical parameters (turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonium, nitrates, nitrites, phosphate, COD, BOD5, electrical conductivity and total hardness) and microbiological (E. coli, Faecal streptococci and total Coliforms) of the treated water were evaluated after the filtration step. For all the treated water samples, the best dose was 0.5 g/l of M. oleifera seed powder because it significantly improved all the parameters analyzed up to the potability standards prescribed by the WHO.

Despite its cultivation in Côte d’Ivoire, the unavailability of edible mushrooms limits its promotion in human food. The objective of this study was therefore to find solutions to the productivity problems of the mushroom Pleurotus geesteranus on a mycicultural farm. To this end, a SWOT diagnostic study of the mushroom production system was carried out on the FESAAP farm in order to identify the causes of the lack of production and to provide solutions. This enabled corrective measures to be implemented. Production performance was then assessed. The SWOT diagnosis indicated a number of problems, including management, production knowledge, good farming practices... It also revealed strengths such as the proximity of the company to its customers and low production costs... The analysis of the external environment also showed opportunities such as a non-competitive local market and a diverse customer base... On the other hand, the lack of technical support, the absence of bank financing and the unavailability of inputs were mentioned as threats to the existence of this activity. The implementation of corrective actions such as the establishment of an operating organisation chart, the establishment of a relationship of trust between the staff and the executive office, etc., has enabled a substantial resumption of production with an efficiency level of 68.5%. However, efforts still need to be made regarding the yield per log, which for 600 g expected, only 190.3 g were obtained.

In the Sahel, rainfall is the fundamental climatic element that conditions the various agricultural activities. Their absence, scarcity, excess or poor spatial and temporal distribution are generators of food crises. In Niger, as in most Sahelian countries, climatic crises are recurrent and expose the country to chronic food deficits. As a result, producers resort to lowlands to mitigate rainfed food deficits. This study aims to analyze the climatic variability in the Gomba Haoussa watershed, and to reveal the rainfall and socio-economic trends of the exploitation of the lowlands. The climatic diagnosis was made from the Pettitt test (1979) on the Magaria series from 1950 to 2015. The field surveys in five sampled lowlands, involved 80 producers. The results show longer dry periods, thus making the rainfed agricultural production system more vulnerable. These changes translate to producers using lowlands for agricultural development.

Cotton being one of the plants most attacked by pests in Benin, this crop harbors a diverse range of predators. It is within this framework that this study aims to identify the main predators encountered on cotton plants in the phytosanitary zones of Benin, to determine their seasonal development and to assess their importance according to the stages of cotton development. Thus, the density of predators was assessed on 0.25 hectare of real fields. A factorial analysis of the correspondences was used to make the typology of predators. Their seasonal evolution was described using trend curves and then the Wilcoxon test was used to assess the density of predators according to the stages of cotton development. Thus, three groups of predators were identified according to the zones. We observed a first group consisting of spiders which are mainly distributed in zone 3. The second group is formed by ants, praying mantises and Phonoctonus spp. found in zone 2. The third group is composed of lacewings, syrphids and ladybirds found in zone 1. From the vegetative development stage of cotton to the fruiting development stage, the density of Syrphids varied from 1.80 ± 0.23 to 3.18 ± 0.27, while the density of lacewing varied from 2.37 ± 0.51 (vegetative stage) to 1.01 ± 0.25 (fruiting stage). The density of Syrphids significantly increased during the fruiting stage, unlike that of Chrysopes, which experienced a significant decrease. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the regulatory function of organic cotton predators on its pests and their importance in integrated pest management strategies.

In Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire, many coffee and cocoa plantations that have fallen into decline and been left fallow are being reused. In order to prevent the failure of the planned crops, this study aims to determine the biological functioning of these soils, which is essential for developing sustainable management strategies for them. Seven fallows older than ten years were identified. In each of them, a plot of 10,000 m2 was delimited and four monoliths were isolated. Each monolith was sorted in order to extract the organisms, identify them and calculate their density. A soil sample was also taken from each stratum for analysis. The biological functioning of the soil was determined by considering that the density of fauna is an indicator variable of the biological fertility of the soil, which is then correlated with CEC and texture, two variables considered to explain soil fertility in general. The results show that the density of the macrofauna constituting the soil engineers varies little on the sites, maintaining a relationship with either the sand or silt content of the soil, or with the CEC of the soil, or both variables. Soils where the CEC has been improved by the action of fauna are likely to function better and the types of fauna involved have been identified as the main biological actors in the fertilisation of the soils studied.

In a context of climate change with a growing population, the pressure on water resources is increasing. In Morocco, water resources are scarce and poorly distributed in time and space. To face this situation, the state has established strategies and laws since the 1960s, but they have not considered the management of low-flow situations. The management of such situations is a major pillar for an integrated and sustainable management of the water resource. The present article aims at identifying the daily low-flow rates (VCNd) in a semi-arid climatic context, that of the watershed of the river Srou, first tributary of the river Oum Er Rbia in the central Middle Atlas. The data used concern the daily flows of the upstream station of the watershed (downstream Elhri) and the downstream station (Chacha N’mallah) for the 1976-2016 period. The results obtained show that the daily low-flow rates on an annual scale are very stable between the different durations. On the other hand, they show a strong variability on an interannual and spatial scale. Low flows occur throughout the watershed between July and September. Severe low-flow situations occurred in 1995 and 2008.

The peasant entrepreneur evolves in a very particular context that influences his entrepreneurial spirit and capacities. The objective of this study is to identify the social determinants of the entrepreneurial spirit of rural farmers. The study conducted on 293 farmers in Borgou shows that social norms, the family environment, the personal attributes of the farmer, and the mechanisms put in place to promote the development of agro-economic activities are all factors that influence either positively or negatively the entrepreneurial spirit and skills of farmers.

Our article seeks to address the links between financial performance and internal human performance, depending on the ownership structure. The latter is apprehended via the variables (concentration of capital nature of shareholding). Financial performance will be represented by the «Return On Assets» variable, while internal human or social performance will be represented by the «share of personnel costs in added value» variable. We will also be interested in deducing how to shift the distribution of added value between the two factors (capital and labor) in our sample. We will use the «R» software to analyze the links between the explanatory variables and the variable to be explained «labour compensation». The results indicate a negative effect of the main majority shareholder on internal social performance. Again, companies show a certain reluctance to increase wages in parallel with the increase in value added, The results of our model again confirm a positive and non-significant link between internal financial and human performance.

The objective of this study is to contribute to food security by evaluating the level of contamination in Trace Metallic Element (Copper) in water and in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), a fish widely consumed in the city province of Kinshasa. It took place in the fishing sites of Kinkole and Kingabwa. The analyzes of the Metallic Trace Element (Copper) were carried out using the UV-visible spectrophotometer brand «Spectrophotometer 721». The ETM levels in the waters were respectively 17.3 mg/l and 14.7 mg/l for the Kinkole and Kingabwa fishing sites. The levels of ETM in fish were respectively 18.16 mg/kg and 19.31 mg/kg for the Kinkole and Kingabwa fishing sites. Copper bioconcentration was found in Clarias gariepinus from both fishing sites. The various results obtained show that the regular consumption of Clarias gariepinus from these two sites could have harmful effects on human health and that the bioconcentration of copper could represent a long-term risk for the fish fauna of Clarias gariepinus.

One of the primary purposes of learning foreign languages, particularly English, is the ability to communicate effectively with other users of the target language. Role-playing, one of the communicative teaching methods, is believed to develop learners’ speaking competence and help them learn the language in an authentic context. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the role-play teaching method and students’ speaking competence. The current study uses two semi-structured interviews. One is designed for teachers teaching the 9th-grade level. The other is designed for a class at the 9th-grade level with 30 students. The findings show that role-play activities participate in developing students’ speaking skills.

Since 2014, the Moroccan high school has international sections of the baccalaureate in three options. For the French option, the time slot for French language is extended and an oral test is established in the terminal year. Installing such a test implies subjecting this field, with a high frequency of variability, to docimological rules. Our wish to brush the reality of this new practice opens first with a few benchmarks founding the semantics of the oral before questioning the inventory of its evaluative practice in the Moroccan high school via a survey in the territory of the Rhamna province. The responses of teachers and learners, making up the population of this survey, retrace their representations towards the semantics of Oral and reproduce the image of a practice that is little impregnated by what this semantics supposes. The brushed image, motivated by the will to propose, will therefore open up to prospects for action that can allow us to verify to what extent the oral can become an object of a standardized evaluation.

The present work focuses on the tensile strength of reinforced concrete high yield steel bars from Rwanda and Turkey, commonly used in the construction in Goma, recycled in Rwanda from metal waste from off-road vehicles and others collected in Goma. Metal waste is collected in Goma largely manually and transported to Rwanda where a lathe machine tool is used to manufacture steel specimens which undergo a tensile test using the WP 300 universal testing machine for tensile test. The yield strength of the ordinary high yield steel bars and that of the standard high yield steel bars all recycled in Rwanda are 420.6 and 392.8 MPa respectively while the yield strength of the recycled high yield steel bars from Turkey is 443 MPa. These values ​​are very close to the values ​​recommended by French standard N F EN 1992 (Part 1-1) which must be between 400 MPa and 600 MPa and are of high ductility (Class C). The Young moduli of ordinary high yield steel bars recycled from Rwanda, that of standard high yield steel bars recycled from Rwanda and finally that of high yield steel bars recycled from Turkey are respectively 27.6, 27.6 and 31.2 GPa, very low values compared to the value of 200 GPa recommended by the standards, hence the importance of taking them into consideration in the design calculations.

In many countries, non-technical losses and theft of electricity are serious problems for electricity companies. The development of cost-effective algorithms to deal with these types of non-technical losses aims to reduce trading losses. This article presents a strategy for detecting non-technical losses using an arduino UNO control board that establishes a reliable region to monitor the measured variance and a practical scheme for determining and reducing non-technical losses in the electrical network by detecting the suspicious area where incorrect meter readings and electricity thefts occur. After the detection of the non-technical losses, a path finding procedure based on different algorithms is able to locate the consumption point with the non-technical loss. In addition, an information system application displays the targeted consumption point. The numerical results demonstrate the selectivity and efficiency of the proposed methodology applied for the monitoring of a real distribution network.