This study is about Students' Perceived Autonomy Support and its Impact on Achievement Goals. There are two types of achievement goals, mastery and performance goals. The age of participants ranges 20-25 year. This study shows the co relation between the achievement goals and student perceived autonomy support. The sample was consisted of 100,50 male and 50 female participants taken from Bhaud din Zikariya University Multan. Autonomy support and achievement goal scales were administered on participants. Results indicate that there is strong positive co-relation between perceived autonomy support and achievement goal. Female perceive more autonomy support than males. The results indicated that male have more mastery goal than females. Female have more performance goals than male students. Joint family system is also showing the high perceived autonomy support than students of nuclear family system. Students of urban area are also showing the high perceived autonomy support than students of rural area.

In Egypt, the teacher of Arabic does not study computer in the syllabus of his preparation in Faculties of Education. Moreover, he does not use it in studying any of the syllabi till he graduate as a teacher.
This research attempts to pointing out the importance of using computer in qualifying the teacher of Arabic and showing some primary aspects of the relationship of Arabic language to computer.
This issue seems to have been lost between the extreme simplification of technicians from one side, and the sharp overlook of linguistics from the other side; the issue is inevitably difficult and interrelated so that simple solutions or tricks will not do. It is also so important and vital to the extent that its importance is in the first priorities of preparing our Arabic societies for the information society where the labour of information, its industries and services will prevail.
Behind this research is on invitation to modernize the outlook of the Arabic language as a whole. It is a demand that corresponds to the duality of computer and English language, and many other languages such as Russian, French and German. Such a demand needed a full revision of all the sides of the linguistic system, where the mechanic system impose on the topic it handles a degree of accuracy and completion without which it can not be subjected to the logic or the machine. Maybe in our approach to this problem on this level an indication of how the computer may compensate for our linguistic backward: theoretically, regulationally and implementationally.

This research includes a statement of the research problem and its applications, identifying written composition skills for the first grade preparatory students which need to be developed, defining composition topics appropriate for the first grade preparatory students, and the effect of enrichment activities on written composition. It also includes results, recommendations and suggestions of the study. Following is a summary of the above.
Language is one of the most important means of communications among people. Written language in particular is so important, for it is used to write down meanings and thoughts, and it constitutes a reference for people in communication with others.
The relationship between activity and composition skills is evident in the various speaking and writing classroom activities performed by students. Such activities enable students to employ the language in written composition; it is through language that students speak together, discuss topics and edit files.

Current paper presents a layered big data and a real-time decision-making framework for bridge data management as well as health monitoring. There are emergency conditions that prevent timely fixing of bridge's damage. At these situations, road users are the right decision makers who should directly be informed about the bridge condition. Using this framework, sensors embedded on bridges could be designed to send warning messages to Variable Message Signs and cell phones within a defined region. To address difficulties of real time communication with road users and/or experts in central management office, the emerging technology of big data and cloud computing could be utilized.

The attention of teaching profession is one of the most important steps on the road to education reform because the development of the quality of education is not only through the teacher with professional competence required, and attention the teaching profession in any society stems from fingerprints left by the teacher on the behavior of students and their morals and their minds and personalities.
To evaluate the teacher is particularly important as one of the important aspects; because it includes diagnostic alike; is effective as a laboratory to determine the level of teacher that fits scientific and technological variables through use thinking skills to teach Arabic.
Arabic language teacher in good pronunciation, and directed by characters from the exits of origin, according to assets known scientifically, and the link between general and specific objectives, the availability amount of information and knowledge, and expertise to allow him to simplify faces student in the subject of specialization, and to act as guide through the educational process, The proper understanding of the characteristics of the students and their motives and interests, and respect for students, and a good pronunciation, and skill in the use of evaluation methods different, to suit different levels, and the ability to persuade, and the exploitation of the resources available at the school, and the surroundings to upgrade article.

Despite Interactive leadership enjoying success and attention as an exceptional leadership theory, few scholars have investigated a specific link between Interactive leadership theories and team performance. As such, the researchers discuss how interactive leadership theories can provide a framework in which to investigate a leader's impact on team performance. As the scope and complexity of modern task demands exceeding capability of individuals to perform, teams are emerging to shoulder the burgeoning requirements. Accordingly, researchers have striven to understand and enhance human performance in team settings. The purpose of this study is to present a conceptual model of interactive team leadership for hierarchical organizations such as law enforcing agencies and other public sector organizations in Pakistan, that is workable, practical and efficient compared to traditional leadership model. Further specified are important avenues to creating successful teams like structure of teams, team selection/composition, task design, role of top leader and subordinate leaders. In other words, one can select the right people, provide them with a task engineered for superior performance and train them in the appropriate skills to accomplish that task for overall success of the organization as per set objectives. Researchers have also drawn comparative analysis of proposed interactive team leadership model and traditional hierarchical leadership models in order to prove practicability of the conceptual model. The paper concludes with the identification of ways to select better teams, to design better team tasks and by mentioning effective techniques from which to draw principles, guidelines and specifications to maximize success. Limitations and future directions are also discussed.

In Egypt, the teacher of Arabic does not study computer in the syllabus of his preparation in Faculties of Education. Moreover, he does not use it in studying any of the syllabi till he graduate as a teacher.
Computer illiteracy in our Arab societies does not only require the availability of Arabic programmed language but also the existence of practical means to use Arabic language itself to converse with the computer.
The present research is an attempt at showing the duality of culture which prevails over our Arab societies; such duality is one of the main reasons of the deformity of our cultural and scientific view, and the deformity of our intellectual and educational product.
The problem of this research may wholly be determined in the following questions:
1 . What are the linguistic requirements for teaching Arabic using computer in the programmes of preparing the teacher of Arabic in the Faculty of Education at Fayoum?
2 . What are the linguistic difficulties concerned with the unavailability of Arabic programing languages?
3. What are the suggestions of treatment so that Arabic may become a computer language?
The researcher designed the two following tools:
1. A questionnaire about the linguistic demands for teaching Arabic using computer in the programmes of preparing the teacher of Arabic in the Faculty of Education.
2. A questionnaire about the linguistic demands concerned with the unavailability of Arabic programming languages.
First, Results of the application of the questionnaire of linguistics demands for teachingArabic using computer in the programmes of preparing teachers of Arabic in the Faculty of Education.Therefore , it is evident form table no.4 that:
The linguistic demands for teaching Arabic using computer in the programmes of preparing teachers of Arabic in the Faculty of Education seen by the respondents (in the sample of research) CHI2 has statistical significance of agreement in the numbers of the following phrases: (6), (7), (11), (4) , (13), (10), (16), (1), (5), (9),(17).
Secondly, results of applying the questionnaire of linguistic difficulties concerned with the unavailability of Arabic programming languages. CHI2 has statistical significance of agreement in the numbers of the following phrases: (12), (1), (6), (4) , (9), (3), (10), (13), (14), (7), (8) .
On the basis of this research, the researcher suggested practical medicines.

The problem of the study is the presence of some of the weaknesses in the second Stage of pupil's basic education in the collection of grammatical concepts, which affects the critical thinking skills they have. This was confirmed by the results of some previous studies such as: (Magda Saad: 2004) (Lady Rajab: 2004) (Hussein Ibrahim: 2005) (Moataz Zuhaer: 2006) (Samia Mohamed: 2007). The researcher - through his milestone Arabic for pupils in second Stage of basic education - noticed a weakness among students in the use of grammatical rules. He noticed the presence of multiple errors in a large number of syntactic and morphological concepts such as: types of predicate, sound verbs, weak verbs, intransitive verbs, transitive verbs and other grammatical concepts. This makes the researcher use concept maps strategy to reduce errors and develop some of their critical thinking skills.

The objective of this research is to view a summary of the study, but the most important steps and procedures carried out by the researcher to achieve the objectives of the study, and display the highlighted findings, recommendations and proposals.

Student learning is a complex multivariate phenomenon. There are many sources of variation, some of them unobserved and uncontrollable, that contribute to manifestations of learning behaviour and of learning outcome. Practitioners are often confused by the layered complexity found in competing conceptual models of student learning; they generally fail to appreciate the penalties that are incurred as the genuine complexity of student learning is approximated for modelling purposes.
The present study deals with a training program in using computers in teaching by Arabic teachers. The program is constructed in order to be suitable for a developing country. It includes training teachers to use general computer applications, personal and pedagogical uses. Two types of generic software (Arabic version) were used in addition to Windows 3.1 (Arabic release). The first type was wordprocessing (Microsoft Word 6.0) and the second was (Microsoft Power Point) . The program was constructed and applied according to the findings of two successful courses in America (Roseman and Brearton, 1989), and the UK (Sutherland et al., 1991).

In traditional teaching, assessment is an action that has an external characteristic, centered on the specific and final result of an action regarding an object that does not correspond to a mental program pre-established by the person using it, that is, it is beyond all internal learning process. It responds to an external manipulation of an internal process.
An assessment culture is generated in educational institutions that lay emphasis on products. It emphasizes as well the power of those who have the authority as sole responsible persons for the generation, implementation, and decision making; and in the absence of other actors as creative and participants in the assessment process.
The first explicitly stated Arabic curriculum for public schools in Egypt appeared in 1970 (Ministry of Education, 1970). It outlined a rationale for the teaching of Arabic in the Egypt and stated general and specific aims for teaching it. It described the theoretical framework and pedagogical practices by which these aims could be achieved and suggested ways for the evaluation of their achievement.
In 1990, a new revision of the curriculum of Arabic was adopted and new teaching materials were prepared to implement it. This currently-used curriculum has introduced various changes and delineated general and specific objectives of Arabic language teaching in Egypt in more realistic and functional terms.

The study examined housing condition and environment induced ill-health with a view to identify ways to improve standard living in Akoko region, Ondo state, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study examined; the household population and occurrence of ill-health and inter-relationship of ill-health and housing condition within the study area. Questionnaire administration harvested information on physical housing variables, available facilities, infrastructural services, housing conditions, and health status of respondents in Ikare, Ajowa and Ose that represent large, medium, and small towns respectively. Simple percentages and correlation analysis were used to summarize data, while tables, charts and figures presented results of the findings. The study revealed that diverse ill-health abound in the study area. However, body pains and malaria have the highest proportion of 18.4% and 23.7% respectively as a result of the observed inter-relationship between body pains and increased malaria parasites. The high occurrence of sleeplessness in the study area is related to the kind of noise being exposed to in this area where socio-economic activities (such as multipurpose, religious, extreme labour activities) are regularly taken place. The study therefore recommends that accessibility to quality housing should be prioritized by the people with standard housing conditions that could facilitate sustainable healthy living.

This study was proposed to explore the determinants of consumer preferences for cassava mechanically processed products. It was conducted in Pwani and Tanga regions in Tanzania. Primary data were generated from 120 consumers who were randomly selected with the use of questionnaire. The probit regression analysis was applied to determine the variables which influenced the consumers' preference for mechanically cassava processed products versus other processing technologies. The analysis suggests that quality of mechanically processed products, household size and quantity consumed per year were important factors that increase the probability of consumers' preference for mechanically processed cassava products versus different processing technologies in the study areas at ? = 0.05 significance level. On the other hand, price of the product was significant factor that reduce the probability of consumers' preference for mechanically processed cassava products versus different processing technologies in the study areas at the same significance level. Thus the study recommended that Processors and other stakeholders of the cassava sub sectors (SUA, Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and cooperatives, NGOs and owners of the businesses) should focus on designing marketing strategy that integrates all the above attributes so that their products and services can satisfy customers' needs and wants.

In recent decades, Southern Hodna, an arid region of Algeria, is subject to an agricultural development with irrigation using groundwater. The problem of land degradation in this area has been studied by the characterization of surface soils at four sites and uncultivated control samples. The use of statistical analysis (ANOVA, PCA and comparing a mean to a standard) was used to characterize the soil, to study the variation of soil parameters and to determine the factors affecting soils evolution. Generally, the surface soils have a low proportion of limestone and the gypsum is almost absent. They are influenced by the coarse fraction and are, consequently, permeable. The soils have an alkaline pH and are mostly not or lightly saline. The principal component analysis indicates that the water and wind morphogenesis is the main factor influencing the soils of the study area. Salinity and gypsum are secondary factors. The results also show that soils, where the intensity of development in irrigation is the most intense particular site D and B, are subject to silting process. The evaluation of efficiency of hydro-agricultural requires, here more than elsewhere, monitoring water quality and soil and not forgetting, in this context, special importance to agricultural extension.

This article analyzes the relationship between social capital and economic growth for a panel of developed and developing countries during the period 1990-2004, using static and dynamic panel data method and a simultaneous equations model. The main results of this study are, first, the level of social capital and growth are significantly and positively correlated, on the other hand, a high level of social capital as an indirect effect on economic activity through its effect on institutional development. The results support the fact that the improvement of the social infrastructure with high levels of trust and cooperation between individuals not only a direct but also an indirect effect on economic growth through the development of institutions in economy.