Cloud computing is the on demand based computing. It is used for storing, retrieving and processing the data with the help of internet connection at anywhere at any time. Today, many real time applications can be remotely processed on cloud environment. It provides many services such as resource pooling, wide range of network access, rapid elasticity etc. However, fault tolerance in cloud computing is the challenging problem nowadays and the detection and recovery of fault are the key issue. In order to reduce the impact of the fault, many fault tolerance techniques have been designed. In this paper, we have proposed the Virtual machine fault tolerance (VMFT). In this technique, the machine tolerates the fault based on the reliability of the virtual machine. It achieves high reliability, availability and reduces the service time. When the application is computed on the virtual machine, the VM which gives correct logical output within the time is considered as best VM among all the virtual machine and then that VM is taken for further processing of an application. With the help of a cloud sim tool the proposed VMFT technique is implemented.

Aiming at providing mobile users with the WSN data gathered by the powerful cloud computing exploiting the advantages of evolving mobile cloud computing with respect to wireless sensor networks. Current scenario presented with the below limitations.1. The specific data mobile users request usually depends on the current locations of mobile users 2. Most sensors are usually equipped with non-rechargeable batteries with limited energy. Planned Angle based Medium Access Control (ANMAC) protocol that avoids each issue through medium access tables in the nodes that keep track of the locations of the destination nodes in addition as all act neighbours. During this paper, elaborated performance analysis of ANMAC considering totally different topologies and traffic eventualities, and we show that SDMA cannot be totally exploited while not a smart computer hardware. Proposed ANMAC with Location based programming (ANMAC-LS) and compare its performance with alternative sensible antenna approaches and omni 802.11 MAC. Tend to prove the potency of location based programming in wireless networks with sensible antennas, and that we conjointly show the consequences of antenna orientation on turnout, mistreatment realistic antenna patterns and ANMAC protocol.

In this paper, a low power double gate TunnelFET (DGTFET) based flash memory cell is designed and its performance is studied through TCAD simulation. A DGTFET is converted into memory cell using floating gates. Its programming, erasing and reading operations are studied in the independently driven double gate (IDDG) mode through transient simulations. Out of the two gates one gate is used for “programming/Erasing” and the other gate is used for controlling the device characteristics dynamically and an application of a DC voltage to this gate reduces the reading delays.

This paper describes the feasibility and implementation of a time domain facility for Radar Cross Section (RCS) measurements. Main advantages of measuring in the time domain are the high range resolution and the application of direct gating. The limited signal to noise ratio can be a disadvantage. The measurements have been performed with software tool XFDTD using two 2-12 GHz ridged horn antennas and rugby antennas respectively. Because the horns are not designed for transmitting transient signals, an additional system response measurement in combination with a software de convolution algorithm restores the impulse response of the object under test. Further processing separates the object response from clutter contributions. A comparison of the time domain data with calculated and measured frequency domain radar cross sections shows a good agreement. The high range resolution enables the separation of scattering mechanisms (i.e. reaction, single and multiple diffraction. It is concluded that the time domain RCS measurement system is an attractive alternative of its frequency domain equivalent. However, the decision to measure in the time or frequency domain will depend on the specific aim of each experiment.

Power has become a burning issue in modern VLSI design and integrated circuits; the power consumed by clocking gradually takes a dominant part. The proposed system provided a design to reduce the clock tree power by replacing some flip-flops with fewer multi-bit flip-flops, and also reduces the total power consumption. First, it perform a co-ordinate transformation to identify those flip flops that can be merged and also identify their legal regions in a library. Next step is to build a combination table to enumerate possible combinations of flip-flops provided by the library. The last step is to merge flip-flops in a hierarchical way. Besides power reduction, the objective of minimizing the total wire length is also considered. The time complexity of the proposed algorithm is less than the time complexity of the existing algorithm. According to the experimental results, the proposed algorithm significantly reduces the clock power by 27.9% and area reduced by 18.5%. The running time is very short. By using this method the low power consumed IC’s can be manufactured using CMOS technologies.

The proposed OCR algorithm to retrieve the text in the scanned document images. Here the text detection algorithm based on two machine learning classifiers: one allows generating candidate word regions and the other filters out non-text ones. The extract connected components (CCs) in images by using the maximally stable extremal region algorithm. In CC clustering adaboost classifiers are used to determine whether the region contains text or not. Then using binarization method, the gray image is converted into binary image. The binarization outcomes are subject to OCR and the corresponding result is evaluated with respect to character and word accuracy. As more and more text documents are scanned fast and accurate. Additional performance metrics of the percentage rates of broken and missed text, false alarms, background noise, character enlargement and merging. This effectiveness of the proposed method is also confirmed by tests carried on realistic document images. For proposed algorithm MATLAB version 13 software is used.

Spectrum Overcrowding continues to present a fundamental challenge for both military and commercial communications as earlier concerns over spectrum congestion and inefficient usage are manifest with 4G system emergence. Interest in Cognitive radio (CR) remains strong as the communication community strives to solve the spectrum congestion problem. In conventional CR Implementation, interference to primary users is minimized using either overlay or underlay waveforms.The overlay waveform that exploit unused spectrum holes and the underlay waveforms that spread their power spectrum density over an ultra-wide bandwidth. The proposed hybrid overlay underlay waveform that exploits both unused and underused waveform which effectively utilize the spectrum and improve spectrum efficiency.

The work depends on the development of a wheelchair that can be a fully automatic navigation system. It provides flexible operation to choose different modalities to command the wheel chair, this method is very useful to a people who can affected for charcot-marie-tooth disease. Patients can command the wheelchair based on their eye blinks, eye movement. The wheelchair can operate like an auto-guided vehicle, following IR sensor way. The digital commends from the IR sensor is moved to raspberry pi. It provides commands to be sent to the wheelchair. Several experiments are used in this technique to introduce an effective wheelchair for disabled persons.

The prediction based tracking technique using sequential patterns (PTSPs) designed to achieve significant reductions in the energy dissipated by the Object Tracking Sensor Network (OTSN) while maintaining acceptable missing rate levels. PTSP is tested against basic tracking techniques to determine the appropriateness of PTSP under various circumstances. The PTSP outperforms all the other basic tracking techniques and exhibits significant amounts of savings in terms of the entire network’s energy consumption total energy consumed. And it can be enhanced by using Voronoi techniques. Including the active and sleep mode energy consumption for each sensor node in the network, and missing rate which represents a ratio of the missing reports to the total number of reports received by the application.

The vision of Self-Organizing Networks (SON) has been drawing considerable attention as a major axis for the development of future networks. As an essential functionality in SON, cell outage detection is developed to autonomously detect macrocells or femtocells that are inoperative and unable to provide service. However, due to the two-tier macro femto network architecture and the small coverage nature of femtocells, it is challenging to enable outage detection functionality in femtocell networks. Self-healing functionality in femtocell aims to resolve the loss of coverage or capacity induced by cell outage to the extent possible in the femtocell networks. Existing systems uses local cooperation architecture which seeks solutions with the need for local collaboration among femtocells. Specifically, an outage is detected based on the measurements of surrounding femtocells. Based on these local measurements, a proper set of neighbor femto APs tune their parameters to compensate for the outage. The outage occurs due improper arrangements of femtocell network. Proper placing of the femtocell access points reduces the outage problems. The signal strength, threshold and various parameters are calculated for different configurations and for different modulation technique using a simulation mechanism. The analysis of the same is done .from this analysis proper configuration of the femtocell network is obtained.

India is agriculture based country and its economy primarily depends upon the growth of agriculture sector only. Most of the cultivation activities are in row for transforming to automated system with the advent of embedded applications in agricultural activities. So in our project we planned to monitor and control some of the agricultural activities using multiple sensors based system. These sensors will constantly supervise the related ecological conditions, hydrological conditions, earth conditions and crop specific conditions in the field. Thus part of the farming works are accomplished in smart way by integrating Wireless Sensors in agriculture field. In this project the control of horizontal angle of sprinkler nozzle using stepper motor and soil moisture based closed loop control system reduce the water wastage in elegant way.Our embedded sensors are controlled by the “INTEL GALILEO”(Gen 2). Microcontroller development board.

Mobile satellite communication is concerned with internetworking of heterogeneous network which provides global coverage and reliable broadband communication. The demand for higher rate and reliable broadband communication with less consumption of power is drastically increasing. The existing work was to control the power by allocating power to the transmitters with the support of Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) and achieving maximum data. This method failed to allocate power for any new Tx-Rx pair getting into the network. Hence Sum-Rate Power Control (SRPC) method is introduced. This proposing work helps to control the power with Quality of Service (QoS) constraints to achieve optimum power level in cross layer based Mobile Satellite Communication network. It allocates the power for Tx-Rx pairs present in the network and also for new Tx-Rx pairs coming to the network by applying Analytical Power Control Algorithm (APCA) and Distributed Power Control Algorithm (DPCA) in case of two Tx-Rx pairs and more than two Tx-Rx pairs respectively. This will result in achieving the optimum power level with QoS constraints.

A novel design methodology is to implement a secure DPA resistant crypto secured processor such as advanced encryption standard (AES) and triple data encryption standard (DES), by secure side-channel attacks, such as differential power analysis (DPA). The methodology is suitable for integration in a common automated standard cell ASIC or FPGA design flow. Dynamic logic is obfuscates the output waveforms and the circuit operation, which reducing the effectiveness of the DPA attack for mitigating DPA attacks for applications of secure integrated circuit (IC) design. A Penta MTJ gate that provides self-referencing, simple cascading, less voltage headroom downside in pre charge sense electronic equipment and low space. These types of gate is implemented in (PADDL). Different logic gates and different writing circuitry is required, but the sensing portion is remains same. Therefore, the information is deposited in the pinned layers using series or parallel combinations of transistors as per the logic storing in the Penta MTJ. The logic gate is authenticated by simulation at the 22nm technology node using a tanner tool.

Content addressable memories (CAMs) are type of computer memory that is used in search intensive applications. It involves content based searching. The conventional CAM is designed using MOSFET, due to which the power consumption is very high because of parallel architecture and short channel Effects such as leakage current. However, the current trend is to use a new non planar device architecture, the so called FinFET to overcome the problems of planar MOSFET stated above. Among the alternatives to planar MOSFET, FinFET is proved to be more efficient in terms of power. Although the CAM using FinFET is efficient ,it is volatile. In order to make it non-volatile, a new element called memristor can be used. Also, when the device is idle,the leakage will be high. This can be overcome by the use of MT-CMOS for power gating. This paper proposes a novel design of NOR content addressable memory bit cell using memristor and MT-CMOS in 22-nm FinFET Technology. The design has been simulated in 22nm FinFET technology using Tanner EDA tool.

In today’s commercial, industrial and domestic world, Automation plays an important role, it is actually an arrangement of different elements in order to regulate, direct, sense and command itself to achieve a desired result. “Automatic Fire Fighting Robot” project employs the electrical thermostat technology for the controlling the fire 24 hrs. Robotics has gained popularity due to the advancement of many technologies of computing and nano technologies. So, we proposed to design something that can make humans life easier and comfortable. There are many possibilities a fire can start in an industry or in any remote area. For example, in cotton mills, garments, fuel storages, etc., electric leakages can lead to huge damage. Also it’s a worst-case scenario, causing heavy losses not only financially but also destroying areas surrounding it. Robotics is the emerging solution to protect human lives and their wealth and surroundings. The aim here is to design a FIRE FIGHTING ROBOT using Arduino system. A robot capable of fighting a simulated household fire will be designed and built. It must be able to autonomously navigate through a modeled floor plan while actively scanning for a flame. The robot can even act as a path guider in normal case and as a fire extinguisher in emergency. Robots designed to find a fire, before it rages out of control, can one day work with fire-fighters greatly reducing the risk of injury to victims. The project will help generate interests as well as innovations in the fields of robotics while working towards a practical and obtainable solution to save lives and mitigate the risk of property damage.

Wear is a damage to solid surface that generally involves progressive loss of material and is due to relative motion between that surfaces. The present work aims to study the effects of Titanium (Ti) addition on wear behaviour of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) plain carbon steel. Elemental powders of atomized iron (Fe), graphite (C), and titanium were weighed accurately and homogeneously mixed to compose an alloy powders of Fe-1%C, Fe-1%C-1%Ti, then compacted into cylindrical billets of size (Ø25X33mm) using suitable circular die-punch set in a 100T capacity hydraulic press. The compacted specimens were subjected to sintering and subsequently sintered specimens were once again heated to a temperature 1000°C and hot upsetting was carried out on the heated specimens. Then the machining was performed on hot upset specimens to get wear test specimens of sizeϕ6X50mm. Using design of expert (DOE) software, the sliding wear experiments were planned on pin-on-disc Tribometer. The images of maximum worn out surfaces and microstructures of the alloy steels were captured and compared with wear behaviour of the alloy steels. The results are represented on 3D &2D Surface plot for comparing the response factors of both the alloy steels. It is found that the delamination wear is predominant at higher loads on both the alloy steels. The empirical equations for mass loss and coefficient of friction with respect to load and speed are developed for both the alloy steels.

Powder metallurgy is the science of procuring powder, consolidation into required shape and sintering it to obtain final product. The final density of the product depends upon the compaction pressure and sintering temperature. Thermal conductivity is a property to measure the heat conducting ability of the material. It depends upon the composition and porosity of the material. In this study, the thermal conductivity of Fe-Cu powder is studied and compared with plain iron powder prepared at the same density. Finely powdered metal powders are compacted in a die using an UTM machine. The disc obtained is sintered in a furnace to improve its strength. The thermal conductivity of Fe-Cu Powder alloy is found to be greater than that of plain iron powder because of the addition of copper, which has higher thermal conductivity. The Rockwell hardness value is also studied for the influence of hardness on thermal conductivity. The material developed can be used in various thermal applications like cooking ovens, clutch plates, and other industrial applications.

Diabetes Mellitus is one of the growing vitally fatal diseases world-wide. Diabetes causes serious health issues invariantly to all. It will not bother about age, ethnic and also the racial group of a people. Diabetes is a Chronic Disease which is increasing rapidly due to the lack of awareness, change in urban culture, unhealthy foods, lack of physical activity and also due to hereditary. As per the statistical reports the impact of Type2 diabetes is very high comparing to Type 1 diabetes. Especially diabetes on children, adults, pregnant women and also people those who are suffering by other serious diseases needs to be monitored closely and their risks should be addressed specially through various researches and studies. Creating awareness and imparting knowledge about managing diabetes is very essential to safeguard our future world. Due to huge population, the volume, velocity and also the varieties of diabetic data increases tremendously. So for storing such large volume of data we need an elastically scalable environment such as Cloud. Cloud is a fast deployable and scalable platform very much suitable for accommodating huge amount of dynamic data. While handing those large size of data we will meet the problems of data synchronization, concurrency, job scheduling and fault tolerance. By applying the Hadoop-programming model the fore mentioned problems can be handled in a simple and efficient way. The dynamic and large sized health care data can be effectively stored and processed by using the proposed architecture where the risk factor (in terms of %) for type 2 diabetes is extracted based on the ratio of BMI (Body Mass Index) and age. This Cloud based framework helps the patients and physicians to access their data globally anywhere at any time.

The idea of this work is to develop the prevention of theft of the ATM card and to control the usage of the ATM card by unauthorized person. The additional feature of this work is that no transaction can be done without the knowledge of the respective card holder for the cause that GSM transactions are being implemented. The description of the work is as follows; whenever the transaction has to be done, the card is inserted inside the ATM machine and devices are made to interact with some of the legacy systems. A message is received to the mobile phone of the rightful proprietor with a pin number of four digits. This number is entered in the ATM machine. In case of password being correct it moves on to the next level of money transaction, asking for the money withdrawal. Scenario like, the password is found to be defective the transaction will get cancel.

Shift register in this paper possess low efficient SSASPL (Static differential Sense Amp Shared Pulsed Latch). Timing problem between pulsed latches is solved using multiple non-overlap delayed strobe signal. Here latches are grouped into several sub-shift registers. To provide better results, leakage current and leakage power are reduced with MTCMOS (Multi Threshold Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) and power-delay products are further reduced using Mod-GDI(Modified Gate Diffusion Input) technique. A 16-bit shift register in 22nm technology with supply voltage VDD =200mv and consumes 0.147mW. Power consumption in percentage is 43.04% in other words power reduced in comparison to the existing systems is 14.85%. Simulation is done using Tanner EDA TOOL in 22nm technology.

Unfortunately, public transportation is not an easy mean to use and access by blind people in many countries. In case of buses, blind people have difficulty in recognizing and estimating the arrival of buses at the bus stations. In this paper a bus system using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is used. The blind people in the bus station are provided with the RFID reader which is recognized by the RFID tag in the bus. Then the blind people get the information about the arrival of the bus. The indication is made in the bus that the blind people is present in the station to the driver with the help of RF transmitter and RF receiver. So the bus stops at the particular station.

Computer-aided detection (CADe) of pulmonary nodules is critical to assist radiologist in early detection of lung cancer from computed tomography (CT) scans. So in proposed system we use CADe system based on hierarchical vector quantization (VQ) scheme. On comparing with commonly-used simple thresholding approach, the high-level VQ yields accurate segmentation of lungs from chest volume and in identifying initial nodule candidates (INCs) within lungs, low-level VQ proves to be effective for INC detection and segmentation, as well as computationally efficient compared to existing approaches. This proposed system also reduces false positive detection. False positive reduction is conducted via the rule based filtering operation in combination with feature-based support vector machine classifier. This proposed system shows out performance and demonstrate its potential for early detection of pulmonary nodules via CT imaging.

Heart attack is one of major cardiac disease. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is widely used to diagnose these diseases. Now a days, ECG monitoring is one of the major technique used in medical science. This is achieved by extracting amplitudes and durations of the parameter of ECG waveform such as P wave, QRS complex, RR interval and PR durations, temperature and heart beat. These parameters are compared with the normal values to determine the type of abnormalities. Under critical conditions, transmission scheme will ensure successful transmission of critical messages to doctors via Global system for mobile (GSM) network.

In recent years, researchers and policymakers have become increasingly interested in identifying the factors that explain the success or failure of innovation efforts. Recent studies around the world use the concept of a national innovation ecosystem, and identify several key factors within this ecosystem that influence the emergence of innovation. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the extent to which the Israeli practice, which has led to notable results, is actually in line with the perception presented in literature. The analysis is based on in-depth interviews with 25 leaders who shaped Israeli innovation processes over the past two decades, from government, academia and industry. The findings show that the Israeli practice is explained by the same factors as shown in world literature, but an evaluation of the relative importance of each factor reveals quite surprising results. The contribution of main factors such as Government and Academia was evaluated as moderate, while the contribution of Culture was considered as major. This may be explained by the possible influence of the evolutionary and dynamic nature of the innovation ecosystem, where the nature of the contribution of each factor changes during the process.

Facial features are classified or grouped to generate the unique identity of individual human faces. The quality of face images detected should be sufficient to guarantee an accurate detection response and reduced true positive rate to identify the original human face, which in turn provide high security in public gathering applications. Though efficient face detection was ensured, trade off occurred between true positive rate and computational complexity. To address the challenge of increasing the true positive rate and reduce the computational complexity, this paper proposes a novel technique named Robust Face Detection using Delaunay Triangle (RFD-DT). In this model, first apply Spectral Cluster for efficient face detection from images acquired using Faces94 dataset. Subsequently, gender detection for the detected face is performed by applying Delaunay Triangle to guess whether the given image is a male or female. Finally, age estimation is carried out by applying Wrinkle Textured Seed Point. Extensive experiments carried out on the Faces94 dataset have revealed the outstanding performance of the proposed RFD-DT technique when benchmarked with various well established high-tech schemes. The results obtained by RFD-DT witness a significant increase in accuracy by improving the true positive rate with minimized computational complexity when compared with the results produced by the other methods.